Computer Networking Devices
Class XI & XII Computer Science (CBSE)
Networking Devices
1. NIC (Network Interface Card)
NIC connects a computer to the network. It converts computer data into network signals and provides a unique MAC address.
2. Hub
A Hub connects multiple computers in a network and sends incoming data to all connected devices.
3. Switch
A Switch connects computers in a LAN and forwards data only to the intended device using the MAC address.
4. Bridge
A Bridge connects two LAN segments and forwards data only when required, reducing network traffic.
5. Router
A Router connects different networks and forwards data packets using IP addresses.
6. Modem
A Modem converts digital signals into analog signals and vice versa to connect the network to the Internet.
7. Gateway
A Gateway connects different networks using different communication protocols and acts as a translator.
Stages of Establishing a Network Connection
Stage 1 - Computer → NIC
The computer sends data to the Network Interface Card (NIC). The NIC converts the data into network signals and adds the MAC address.
Stage 2 - NIC → Switch
The Switch checks the destination MAC address and sends the data only to the correct device within the LAN.
Stage 3 - Switch → Bridge
If the destination is in another LAN segment, the Bridge forwards the data to that segment.
Stage 4 - Bridge → Router
The Router checks the destination IP address and selects the best path to another network.
Stage 5 - Router → Modem
The Modem converts digital signals into analog signals and sends them to the Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Stage 6 - ISP → Gateway
If different communication protocols are used, the Gateway translates the data before forwarding it.
Stage 7 - Gateway → Internet → Destination Server
The data travels through the Internet and reaches the destination server. The server processes the request and sends the response back.
Overall Flow
↓
NIC
↓
Switch
↓
Bridge (if required)
↓
Router
↓
Modem
↓
ISP
↓
Gateway (if required)
↓
Internet
↓
Destination Server
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